{"id":13218,"date":"2024-11-04T10:05:48","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T10:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?p=13218"},"modified":"2024-11-04T10:05:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T10:05:48","slug":"the-quantum-geometry-that-exists-outside-of-space-and-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?p=13218","title":{"rendered":"The Quantum Geometry That Exists Outside of Space and Time"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"paywall\">\u201cIt provides a natural framework, or a bookkeeping mechanism, to assemble very large numbers of Feynman diagrams,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/vivo.brown.edu\/display\/mspradli\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marcus Spradlin<\/a>, a physicist at Brown University who has been picking up the new tools of surfaceology. \u201cThere\u2019s an exponential compactification in information.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure class=\"AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed\">\n<div class=\"AssetEmbedAssetContainer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-container\"><span class=\"SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset\"><picture class=\"ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-image\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Image may contain People Person Adult Accessories Glasses Bracelet Jewelry Electronics Mobile Phone and Phone\" class=\"ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_1600%2Cc_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_120,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 120w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_240,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_320,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_640,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_960,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_1280,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/670f88dc4a58abfd143e9d27\/master\/w_1600,c_limit\/CarolinaFigueiredo-crAndreaKaneInstituteForAdvancedStudy2.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"100vw\"\/><\/noscript><\/picture><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE fJvQtP caption AssetEmbedCaption-fNQBPI dDrfgT asset-embed__caption\"><span class=\"BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionText-bHjzlu iUEiRd kVUvEC iXWezO caption__text\"><\/p>\n<p>Carolina Figueiredo, a graduate student at Princeton University, noticed a striking coincidence where three species of seemingly unrelated quantum particles act identically.<\/p>\n<p><\/span><span class=\"BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd isTgyB fNaHcW caption__credit\">Photograph: Andrea Kane\/Institute for Advanced Study<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"paywall\">Unlike the amplituhedron, which required exotic particles to provide a balance known as supersymmetry, surfaceology applies to more realistic, nonsupersymmetric particles. \u201cIt\u2019s completely agnostic. It couldn\u2019t care less about supersymmetry,\u201d Spradlin said. \u201cFor some people, me included, I think that\u2019s really been quite a surprise.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">The question now is whether this new, more primitive geometric approach to particle physics will allow theoretical physicists to slip the confines of space and time altogether.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">\u201cWe needed to find some magic, and maybe this is it,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/science.psu.edu\/physics\/people\/jacob-bourjaily\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacob Bourjaily<\/a>, a physicist at Pennsylvania State University. \u201cWhether it\u2019s going to get rid of space-time, I don\u2019t know. But it\u2019s the first time I\u2019ve seen a door.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall\">The Trouble with Feynman<\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall\">Figueiredo sensed the need for some new magic firsthand during the waning months of the pandemic. She was struggling with a task that has challenged physicists for more than 50 years: predicting what will happen when quantum particles collide. In the late 1940s, it took a yearslong effort by three of the brightest minds of the postwar era\u2014Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, and Richard Feynman\u2014to solve the problem for electrically charged particles. Their eventual success would win them a Nobel Prize. Feynman\u2019s scheme was the most visual, so it came to dominate the way physicists think about the quantum world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">When two quantum particles come together, anything can happen. They might merge into one, split into many, disappear, or any sequence of the above. And what will actually happen is, in some sense, a combination of all these and many other possibilities. Feynman diagrams keep track of what might happen by stringing together lines representing particles\u2019 trajectories through space-time. Each diagram captures one possible sequence of subatomic events and gives an equation for a number, called an \u201camplitude,\u201d that represents the odds of that sequence taking place. Add up enough amplitudes, physicists believe, and you get stones, buildings, trees, and people. \u201cAlmost everything in the world is a concatenation of that stuff happening over and over again,\u201d Arkani-Hamed said. \u201cJust good old-fashioned things bouncing off each other.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"PullQuoteEmbedWrapper-sc-EoVjf kgVYDs\">\n<div class=\"PullQuoteEmbedContent-sc-kTcfhx dzGCEG\">\n<p class=\"paywall\">\u201cThere are more and more hints that gravity is going to come along.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"paywall\">Nima Arkani-Hamed, Institute for Advanced Study<\/span><\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p class=\"paywall\">There\u2019s a puzzling tension inherent in these amplitudes\u2014one that has vexed generations of quantum physicists going back to Feynman and Schwinger themselves. One might spend hours at a chalkboard sketching byzantine particle trajectories and evaluating fearsome formulas only to find that terms cancel out and complicated expressions melt away to leave behind extremely simple answers\u2014in a classic example, literally the number 1.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">\u201cThe degree of effort required is tremendous,\u201d Bourjaily said. \u201cAnd every single time, the prediction you make mocks you with its simplicity.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cIt provides a natural framework, or a bookkeeping mechanism, to assemble very large numbers of Feynman diagrams,\u201d said Marcus Spradlin, a physicist at Brown University who has been picking up the new tools of surfaceology. \u201cThere\u2019s an exponential compactification in information.\u201d Carolina Figueiredo, a graduate student at Princeton University, noticed a striking coincidence where three [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":168,"featured_media":13219,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[703],"tags":[915,914,2588],"class_list":["post-13218","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-physics","tag-quanta-magazine","tag-quantum-physics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Quantum Geometry That Exists Outside of Space and Time | Unlock Informed Choices with Us<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A decade after the discovery of the \u201camplituhedron,\u201d physicists have excavated more of the timeless geometry underlying the standard picture of how particles move.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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Wood","author_link":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?author=168"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"\u201cIt provides a natural framework, or a bookkeeping mechanism, to assemble very large numbers of Feynman diagrams,\u201d said Marcus Spradlin, a physicist at Brown University who has been picking up the new tools of surfaceology. \u201cThere\u2019s an exponential compactification in information.\u201d Carolina Figueiredo, a graduate student at Princeton University, noticed a striking coincidence where 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