{"id":11589,"date":"2024-06-24T01:20:48","date_gmt":"2024-06-24T01:20:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?p=11589"},"modified":"2024-06-24T01:20:48","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T01:20:48","slug":"what-came-before-the-big-bang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?p=11589","title":{"rendered":"What Came Before the Big Bang?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"paywall\">Robert Brandenberger, a physicist at McGill University who was not involved with the study, said the new paper \u201csets a new standard of rigor for the analysis\u201d of the mathematics of the beginning of time. In some cases, what appears at first to be a singularity\u2014a point in space-time where mathematical descriptions lose their meaning\u2014may in fact be an illusion.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall\">A Taxonomy of Singularities<\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall\">The central issue confronting Geshnizjani, Ling, and Quintin is whether there is a point prior to inflation at which the laws of gravity break down in a singularity. The simplest example of a mathematical singularity is what happens to the function 1\/<em>x<\/em> as <em>x<\/em> approaches zero. The function takes a number <em>x<\/em> as an input, and outputs another number. As <em>x<\/em> gets smaller and smaller, 1\/<em>x<\/em> gets larger and larger, approaching infinity. If <em>x<\/em> is zero, the function is no longer well defined: It can\u2019t be relied upon as a description of reality.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"AssetEmbedWrapper-eVDQiB byBkf asset-embed\">\n<div class=\"AssetEmbedAssetContainer-eJxoAx dBHGoQ asset-embed__asset-container\"><span class=\"SpanWrapper-umhxW kGxnNB responsive-asset AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset\"><picture class=\"ResponsiveImagePicture-cWuUZO dUOtEa AssetEmbedResponsiveAsset-cXBNxi eCxVQK asset-embed__responsive-asset responsive-image\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Image may contain Clothing Sleeve Adult Person Head and Face\" class=\"ResponsiveImageContainer-eybHBd fptoWY responsive-image__image lazyload\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_1600%2Cc_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_120,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 120w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_240,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_320,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_640,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_960,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_1280,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/media.wired.com\/photos\/667567ab6d8b59aeb7b06b61\/master\/w_1600,c_limit\/EricLing-crAnnachiaraPiubello-1056x1720.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"100vw\"\/><\/noscript><\/picture><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"CaptionWrapper-jSZdqE kJoQGV caption AssetEmbedCaption-fNQBPI dDrfgT asset-embed__caption\"><span class=\"BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionText-bHjzlu iUEiRd cDlTYw iXWezO caption__text\"><\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe mathematically showed that there might be a way to see beyond our universe,\u201d said Eric Ling of the University of Copenhagen.<\/p>\n<p><\/span><span class=\"BaseWrap-sc-gjQpdd BaseText-ewhhUZ CaptionCredit-ejegDm iUEiRd jTWYmb fNaHcW caption__credit\">Photograph: Annachiara Piubello<\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"paywall\">Sometimes, however, mathematicians can get around a singularity. For example, consider the prime meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England, at longitude zero. If you had a function of 1\/longitude, it would go berserk in Greenwich. But there\u2019s not actually anything physically special about suburban London: You could easily redefine zero longitude to pass through some other place on Earth, and then your function would behave perfectly normally when approaching the Royal Observatory in Greenwich.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">Something similar happens at the boundary of mathematical models of black holes. The equations that describe spherical nonrotating black holes, worked out by the physicist Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, have a term whose denominator goes to zero at the event horizon of the black hole\u2014the surface surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing can escape. That led physicists to believe that the event horizon was a physical singularity. But eight years later the astronomer Arthur Eddington showed that if a different set of coordinates is used, the singularity disappears. Like the prime meridian, the event horizon is an illusion: a mathematical artifact called a coordinate singularity, which only arises because of the choice of coordinates.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall\">At a black hole\u2019s center, by contrast, the density and curvature go to infinity in a way that can\u2019t be eliminated by using a different coordinate system. The laws of general relativity start spewing out gibberish. This is called a curvature singularity. It implies that something is taking place that\u2019s beyond the ability of current physical and mathematical theories to describe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert Brandenberger, a physicist at McGill University who was not involved with the study, said the new paper \u201csets a new standard of rigor for the analysis\u201d of the mathematics of the beginning of time. In some cases, what appears at first to be a singularity\u2014a point in space-time where mathematical descriptions lose their meaning\u2014may [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":487,"featured_media":11590,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[703],"tags":[1212,2163,915,914,890,1032],"class_list":["post-11589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-astronomy","tag-mathematics","tag-physics","tag-quanta-magazine","tag-science","tag-space"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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Nadis","author_link":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/?author=487"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Robert Brandenberger, a physicist at McGill University who was not involved with the study, said the new paper \u201csets a new standard of rigor for the analysis\u201d of the mathematics of the beginning of time. In some cases, what appears at first to be a singularity\u2014a point in space-time where mathematical descriptions lose their meaning\u2014may&hellip;","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11589","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/487"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11589"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11589\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11590"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11589"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topat10.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}